Variations in glacier volume and snow cover and their impact on lake storage in the Paiku Co Basin,in the Central Himalayas     

Xingxing Zhang  Rui Wang  Zhijun Yao  Zhaofei Liu 《水文研究》2020,34(8):1920-1933

Glaciers and snow cover are important constituents of the surface of the Tibetan Plateau. The responses of these phenomena to global environmental changes are sensitive, rapid and intensive due to the high altitudes and arid cold climate of the Tibetan Plateau. Based on multisource remote sensing data, including Landsat images, MOD10A2 snow product, ICESat, Cryosat-2 altimetry data and long-term ground climate observations, we analysed the dynamic changes of glaciers, snow melting and lake in the Paiku Co basin using extraction methods for glaciers and lake, the degree-day model and the ice and lake volume method. The interaction among the climate, ice-snow and the hydrological elements in Paiku Co is revealed. From 2000 to 2018, the basin tended to be drier, and rainfall decreased at a rate of −3.07 mm/a. The seasonal temperature difference in the basin increased, the maximum temperature increased at a rate of 0.02°C/a and the minimum temperature decreased at a rate of −0.06°C/a, which accelerated the melting from glaciers and snow at rates of 0.55 × 10⁷ m³/a and 0.29 × 10⁷ m³/a, respectively. The rate of contribution to the lake from rainfall, snow and glacier melted water was 55.6, 27.7 and 16.7%, respectively. In the past 18 years, the warmer and drier climate has caused the lake to shrink. The water level of the lake continued to decline at a rate of −0.02 m/a, and the lake water volume decreased by 4.85 × 10⁸ m³ at a rate of −0.27 × 10⁸ m³/a from 2000 to 2018. This evaluation is important for understanding how the snow and ice melting in the central Himalayas affect the regional water cycle.  相似文献   

Ensemble modelling of ice cover for a reservoir affected by pumped‐storage operation and climate change     

Ulrike Gabriele Kobler  Martin Schmid 《水文研究》2019,33(20):2676-2690

Ensemble modelling was used to assess the robustness of projected impacts of pumped‐storage (PS) operation and climate change on reservoir ice cover. To this end, three one‐dimensional and a two‐dimensional laterally averaged hydrodynamic model were set up. For the latter, the strength of the impacts with increasing distance from the dam was also investigated. Climate change effects were simulated by forcing the models with 150 years of synthetic meteorological time series created with a weather generator based on available air temperature scenarios for Switzerland. Future climate by the end of the 21^st century was projected to shorten the ice‐covered period by ~2 months and decrease ice thicknesses by ~13 cm. Under current climate conditions, the ice cover would already be affected by extended PS operation. For example, the average probability of ice coverage on a specific day was projected to decrease by ~13% for current climate and could further be reduced from ~45% to ~10% for future climate. Overall, the results of all models were consistent. Although the number of winters without ice cover was projected to increase for all one‐dimensional models, studying individual segments of the two‐dimensional model showed that the impact was pronounced for segments close to the PS intake/outlet. In summary, the reservoir's ice cover is expected to partially vanish with higher probability of open water conditions closer to the PS intake/outlet.  相似文献   

2000年以来青藏高原湖泊面积变化与气候要素的响应关系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

闾利  张廷斌  易桂花  苗加庆  李景吉  别小娟  黄祥麟 《湖泊科学》2019,31(2):573-589

青藏高原星罗密布的湖泊对气候变化十分敏感，在自然界水循环和水平衡中发挥着重要作用.以MODIS MOD09A1和SRTM DEM为数据源，提取了2000-2016年青藏高原丰水期面积大于50 km²的湖泊边界，从内外流分区、湖泊主要补给来源和湖水矿化度三个方面对2000年以来湖泊面积变化进行分析，并结合青藏高原近36年气象数据，根据气象要素变化趋势分区，初步探讨青藏高原湖泊面积变化与气候要素的关系.结果表明：青藏高原面积大于50 km²的138个湖泊整体扩张趋势显著，总面积增加2340.67 km²，增长率为235.52 km²/a.其中，扩张型湖泊占67.39%，萎缩型湖泊占12.32%，稳定型湖泊占20.29%.内流湖扩张趋势显著，外流湖扩张趋势较明显；以冰雪融水为主要补给来源的湖泊整体扩张趋势明显，以地表径流和河流补给为主要补给源的湖泊也呈扩张趋势；盐湖和咸水湖以扩张为主，淡水湖的扩张、萎缩和稳定三种类型较均衡.在青藏高原气候暖湿化方向发展背景下，湖泊面积变化与气候要素具有显著的区域相关性.气温和降水变化趋势分区结果表明，气温增加、降水增加强趋势的高原Ⅰ区湖泊扩张程度（78.18%）依次大于气温降低、降水量呈增加趋势的Ⅴ区（66.67%），气温、降水量呈增加趋势的Ⅱ区（60.78%），气温呈降低、降水量呈增加强趋势的Ⅳ区（58.83%）和气温呈增加、降水量呈减少趋势的Ⅲ区（50.00%）.湖泊面积变化对气候变化响应研究表明，升温引起的冰雪融水补给对Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区湖泊面积扩张的影响显著，加之降水量的增加，湖泊扩张速率明显；Ⅳ区和Ⅴ区湖泊面积扩张主要受降水量增加影响显著.整体而言，气温主要影响以冰雪融水为主要补给来源的湖泊，降水量主要影响以降水和地表径流为主要补给来源的湖泊.  相似文献   

城市湖泊春季绿藻水华特征及其影响因素——以宁波月湖为例     

周卢茜  裘钱玲琳  唐剑锋  徐耀阳  潘军标  王小德 《湖泊科学》2019,31(4):1023-1034

城市湖泊富营养化问题日趋严峻，以往对水华的研究多集中于大型自然淡水湖库，而对小型城市浅水湖泊的水华动态相对较少.以宁波月湖为研究对象，探讨水华暴发期间浮游植物变化特征及与影响因子之间的关系，以期判别影响城市湖泊水华的主控因子.月湖水华期间营养盐水平处于中富营养至极端富营养之间，此次共检出浮游植物8门61属，藻种组成以绿藻门（51.79%）和硅藻门（21.43%）为主，各点位浮游植物生长主要受水温、光照驱动，经历了隐藻门→硅藻门→绿藻门→蓝藻门的演替.水华种为雷氏衣藻（Chlamydomonas reinhardtii），总藻密度最高达到1.55×10⁸ cells/L，水华暴发后各点位衣藻属比例升高（最高达到81.10%），群落结构呈现单一化特征.通过Pearson相关性分析和RDA分析发现衣藻属生长与水温、pH、总磷浓度均呈显著正相关，春季气温回升、天气持续晴好，城市浅水湖泊高营养盐负荷、水体流动性差等特点为带鞭毛的衣藻属提供了适宜的生存条件，在环境条件均适宜的情况下拥有最大生长潜力的衣藻属在营养盐、光照等竞争中生长速率明显优于其他藻种，从而发生绿藻水华.  相似文献   

帕隆藏布流域冰湖变化及危险性评估     

刘娟  姚晓军  高永鹏  祁苗苗  段红玉  张大弘 《湖泊科学》2019,31(4):1132-1143

冰湖作为区域气候变化的灵敏指示器和主要冰川灾害的启动器，认识其空间分布及变化特征对探讨冰湖对气候变化的响应规律及冰湖溃决危险性评估具有重要意义.基于1968-1980年地形图数据和1994-2016年Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像资料，综合利用RS、GIS技术和数理统计方法分析帕隆藏布流域面积≥ 0.01 km²冰湖时空分布及其动态变化，并对潜在危险性冰湖进行判别和评估.结果表明：2016年帕隆藏布流域共有冰湖351个，面积50.48 km²，且面积和数量分别以面积>1 km²和面积<0.1 km²的冰湖为主，这些冰湖主要分布于海拔2800~5400 m之间.近50年来帕隆藏布流域冰湖总体呈数量增多、面积增加态势；海拔<3000 m的冰湖相对稳定，而海拔>4500 m的冰湖数量和面积增加则相对迅速.近50年间帕隆藏布流域冰川面积减少591.34 km²，气候变暖导致的冰川末端退缩和冰川融水增加为冰湖形成和扩张提供了发育空间和物质来源.切毛措、光谢错等9个冰湖为潜在危险性冰湖，预计未来一段时间内帕隆藏布流域冰湖溃决可能处于活跃阶段，其形成和暴发也将更加频繁.  相似文献   

太湖不同生态型湖区枝角类组成和丰度长期变化的差异性     

程龙娟  姚书春  薛滨  李玲玲  刘金亮 《湖泊科学》2019,31(6):1670-1684

枝角类作为淡水湖泊生态系统中的初级消费者之一,对生存环境的改变极为敏感.本文分析了太湖西、中和东部等湖区的钻孔沉积物、表层沉积物以及春夏秋季活体枝角类的组成与丰度.结果表明:活体枝角类组成以象鼻溞(Bosmina spp.)为优势种,秋季枝角类属种数量最多.太湖不同生态型湖区表层沉积物枝角类组成均以象鼻溞为优势种,其中西部与中心湖区的枝角类组成与丰度较为相似,种类单一,枝角类绝对丰度高;东部湖区枝角类属种较为丰富,绝对丰度低,优势种由浮游种象鼻溞以及沿岸种圆形盘肠溞(Chydorus sphaericus sl)和西方笔纹溞(Graptoleberis testudinaria)等种属构成.百年以来,太湖枝角类组成与丰度随着营养水平增加而改变,富营养指示种(Bosmina longirostris)丰度的增加与贫营养指示种(Bosmina longispina)丰度的下降,响应了湖区生态环境的演变过程.1970s末期,太湖西部与中心湖区在进入富营养化阶段,枝角类组成单一,象鼻溞占有绝对优势,与东部湖区相比,沿岸种、底栖种稀少.东部湖区在1960s以后,枝角类属种数量增加,但丰度下降,响应了1960s以来该区域营养水平提高、沉水植被生物量增加以及沼泽化加剧的环境过程.  相似文献   

A method for evaluating the longitudinal functional connectivity of a river–lake–marsh system and its application in China     

Yeling Liu  Baoshan Cui  Jizeng Du  Qing Wang  Shuling Yu  Wei Yang 《水文研究》2020,34(26):5278-5297

The longitudinal functional connectivity of a river–lake–marsh system (RLMS) refers to the actual water-mediated transport of material from upstream to downstream areas along a spatial gradient and is fundamental to understand hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. However, due to a lack of consensus on appropriate data and methods, the quantification of connectivity is still a challenge, especially at the catchment scale. We developed a new method to evaluate longitudinal functional connectivity based on fluxes of materials (water, sediment, and chemicals) along a RLMS. The calculation of fluxes is based on the longitudinal pattern of terrain gradient, which influences transport efficiency, and on contributions from hillslopes, which set the initial spatial template of material loading to the RLMS. We evaluate the contributions from hillslopes to RLMS based on a new modified version of the index of sediment connectivity (IC) proposed by Borselli et al. (2008) and revised by Chartin et al. (2017).We applied this method to the Baiyangdian Basin covering an area of 3.4 × 10⁴ km² in China and quantified longitudinal functional connectivity during normal, wet, and dry periods(April, July and December) in year 2016. We found that areas with good structural connectivity exhibited poor functional connectivity during the normal and dry periods. Modelling testing with discharge data from hydrological stations and measured chemicals from Baiyangdian Lake was satisfactory in test periods. We conclude that public data and Digital Elevation Model-derived information can be used to reliably map the longitudinal functional connectivity of RLMSs. The proposed method provides a useful tool for monitoring and restoring the longitudinal functional connectivity of RLMSs and our results indicate that efforts aimed at restoring functional connectivity in RLMSs should take into account landscape patterns that can greatly influence fluxes in the watershed.  相似文献   

Lakes of the Jom-Bolok Volcanoes Valley in the East Sayan Mts., Baikal region     

Shchetnikov  Alexander  Bezrukova  Elena V. 《地理学报(英文版)》2019,29(11):1823-1840

Journal of Geographical Sciences - This article describes the lake basins of the Jom-Bolok volcanic region in the East Sayan (the largest manifestation of the Holocene eruptions in Central Asia)....  相似文献   

A Raman investigation on the boron form occurring in salt lake brine during evaporation          下载免费PDF全文

彭姣玉  陈婧  王兴鹏  董亚萍  李武 《盐湖研究》2019,27(1)

Boron resources are abundant in Da Qaidam salt lake of Qaidamu Basin. It has been given great attention for the polyborate species present in brine. In this study, the Raman spectroscopy was applied to investigate the existing-form of boron in brine during evaporation. The prepared solutions of MgO·2B2O3-H2O, MgO·2B2O3-MgCl2 -H2O, and MgO·2B2O3-MgSO4-H2O was also evaporated and recorded to study the influence of boron concentration, pH, and electrolytes on the borate speciation in brine. The mononborates of B(OH)3 and B(OH)4- were found to be the only forms present in the original salt lake brine. Brine evaporation promotes the formation of polyborate anions B3O3(OH)4-, B5O6(OH)4-, and B6O7(OH)62- and also disappearance of the B(OH)4- ion in brine with boron concentration of more than 11 g/L in B2O3. The pentaborate ion of B5O6(OH)4- was sensitive to the solution pH and found to be appeared under the pH value of 8.0. While the hexaborate ion of B6O7(OH)62- was observed more dependent on the electrolyte of magnesium chloride due to its special properties, such as promoting boron accumulation, lowering solution pH, and also the strong af?nity for water molecules, which is beneficial to the polymerization of borate ions in brine. The interaction mechanisms among polyborate anions during evaporation had also been proposed.  相似文献   

过去40年太湖剧烈的湖泊物理环境变化及其潜在生态环境意义     

张运林  秦伯强  朱广伟 《湖泊科学》2020,32(5):1348-1359

过去40年,全球气候变暖、辐射变暗和变亮、风速减弱、气候异常波动等自然环境变化以及筑坝建闸、岸堤硬质化和调水引流等强烈人类活动势必会深刻改变太湖湖泊物理环境和过程,驱动湖泊生态系统演化.基于历史文献、档案数据以及气象水文和透明度等长期观测数据,本文系统梳理了太湖气温、水温、风速、水位和透明度等物理环境空间分布和长期变化特征,探讨了气温和风速、水位和透明度相互协同作用机制及其潜在生态环境意义.受全球变化和城市化等影响,过去40年太湖气温和水温呈现显著升高趋势,而近地面风速则表现为持续下降,湖泊增温和风速下降有利于藻类生长和蓝藻水华漂浮聚集,某种程度上增加了蓝藻水华出现频次和集聚的面积.为防洪和满足流域日益增长的水资源需求,闸坝管控和调水引流使太湖水位呈现缓慢增加趋势,而入湖污染物增加和富营养化则造成水体透明度逐渐下降,致使透明度与水位(水深)的比值明显降低,减少了湖底可利用光强,恶化水下光环境,在一定程度上驱动了太湖水生植被和草型生态系统退化.湖泊物理环境长期变化逐渐拓展了太湖藻型生境空间而压缩了草型生境空间,加剧了草型生态系统向藻型生态系统转化和增强了藻型生态系统的自我长期维持.太湖湖泊物理环境的显著变化也会部分抵消流域营养盐削减和湖体营养盐下降对藻类生物量和蓝藻水华的控制,增加了太湖蓝藻水华防控和湖泊富营养化治理的难度.这意味着未来流域控源截污需要更加严格的标准,而湖泊水位等物理环境的有效管控是应对藻华加剧和恢复草型生态系统的适应性管理策略.  相似文献